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1. D. Joao IV (1604-1656) King from 1640
2. D. Afonso VI (1643-1683) King from 1656-1667
3. D. Pedro II (1648-1706) King from 1683
4. D. Joao V (1689-1750) King from 1706
5. D. Maria Ana de Austria (1683-1754)
6. D. Jose I (1714-1777) King from 1750
7. D. Mariana Vitoria de Bourbon (1718-1781)
8. D. Maria I (1734-1816) Queen from 1777
9. D. Pedro III (1717-1786)
10. D. Joao VI (1767-1826) King from 1816
11. D. Carlota Joaquina de Bourbon (1775-1830)
12. D. Pedro IV (1798-1834) Emperor of Brazil 1822 King from 1826
13. D. Miguel I (1802-1866) King from 1828-1 834
14. D. Maria II (1819-1853) Queen from 1834
15. D. Fernando de Saxe-Coburgo-Gotha (1816-1885)
16. D. Pedro V (1837-1861) King from 1853
17. D. Estefania de Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen (1837-1859)
18. D. Luis I (1838-1889) King from 1861
19. D. Maria Pia de Saboia (1847-1911)
20. D. Carlos I (1863-1908) King from 1889
21. D. Amelia de Orleans (1865-1951)
22. D. Manuel II (1889-1932) King from 1908-1910 |
Kings of Portugal
(17th.-2Oth. centuries) |
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Son of the 7th duke of Braganga, D. Teodosio and the Duchess D. Ana Velasco, he inherited the dukedom in 1630. The duke D. Joao married the Spanish D. Luisa Francisca de Gusmao, in 1633, who belonged to the Medina Sidonia family. After the acclamatory act on the 1st of December 1640, D. Joao IV restores a new dynasty.
He showed a remarkable political ability throughout his reign, in both military and diplomatic fields. His action to defend the borders in Alentejo and Beiras to avoid the Spanish attacks should be highlighted as well as in renovating the frontier castles and in obtaining material and military reinforces abroad. He signed peace treats with the Netherlands which led to the banishment of the Dutch from Brazil and Angola.
Regarding the cultural field, D. Joao IV was a man of great musical knowledge and composed several pieces which contributed to the enlargement of the musical library of the Braganzas. |
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Son of D. Joao IV and his wife D. Luisa de Gusmao, he was born in Lisbon on the 21st of August 1643 as the 6th child of the first king of the new dynasty - the Braganzas. As an infant he suffered from a disease which made him intellectually unable for the high functions that History reserved to him. The premature death of his elder brother D. Teodosio (1653) and also the King's death (1656) put him in the throne as D. Afonso VI.
The most remarkable fact during his reign was the government of his minister the Count of Castelo Melhor. He married in 1666 to D. Maria Francisca Isabel, duchess of Saboia. In 1667, a palatial conspiracy headed by the Infant D. Pedro, the King's brother, led to the abdication of the monarch. The king's wedding is declared null in 1668 and the Queen married Infant D! Pedro. D. Afonso went into exile to Angra do Heroismo until 1674 and then imprisoned in the Palace of Sintra until his death. |
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D. Pedro of Braganga was born in Lisbon on the 26th of April 1648 and died in Alcantara on the 9th of December 1706. He was the last of the 7 legitimate children of D. Joao IV and D. Luisa of Gusmao. After the abdication of his brother, D. Afonso VI, he was named the heir to the throne in 1668. In 1683, following his brother's death, he was acclaimed king.
He first married to his sister-in-law, D. Maria Francisca Isabel of Saboia and again, on the 11th of August 1687, to the daughter of the palatine elector of the Rhein, I D. Maria Sofia of Neuburg. During his reign Portugal joined the succession war in Spain.
The financial administration of the Count of Ericeira and the Treaty of Methuen should also be highlighted. |
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Son of D. Pedro II's second marriage to princess Maria Sofia of Neubourg, he was born on the 22nd of October 1689. Acclaimed as a king on the 1st of January 1707, he died on the 30th of July 1750. He married to D. Maria Ana of Austria in 1708, sister of Charles, future emperor of Austria. He pursued a neutral political attitude towards Europe and the Brazilian gold boom allowed a considerable manufacturing and cultural development. Regarding arts, the role of this king was truly innovative which led to the massive import of works and artists from different European countries, with a special taste for Romanic baroque. A special reference to the fabrics of the basilica and monastery of Mafra, the main chapel of the cathedral of Evora, the chapel of Saint John Baptist in S. Roque's church in Lisbon should be made. Regarding decorative arts, a special highlight should be given to the order for a remarkable silver-plate to the goldsmith Germain. |
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D. Maria Ana of Austria (1683-1754) - wife of D. Joao V, daughter of Emperor Leopold I of Austria and D. Leonor Madalena. She was born in Linz (Austria) in 1683. She got married at the age of 25 in Vienna, and on the 27th of October 1708 she was sumptuously welcome in Lisbon. She had 6 children, among them D. Maria Barbara, married to Fernando VI, future king of Spain and D. Jose, heir to the throne. She was a devoted and literate woman and she was regent of the kingdom between 1716 and 1750. She died in Belem Palace in 1754. |
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Son and successor of D. Joao V in 1750, he was born on the 6th of June 1714 and married in January 1729 to D. Mariana Vitoria, daughter of Filipe V. He died on the 24th of February 1777. During his kingdom there was a remarkable co-opera his minister Sebastiao Jose de Carvalho e Melo, the marquis of Pombal. The earthquake on the 1st of November 1755 tragically distinguished the reign of this monarch. This period was marked by the creation and reorganization of intuitions such as the Royal Board of Trade, the Royal Treasury and the Royal Censorial Board. He reformed the Inquisition (1772). The creation of educational institutions, primary (regal masters), high schools (Aristocrats College, Trade School) and Universities (reform I of Coimbra University) should be highlighted. |
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She was born in Madrid on the 31st of March 1718, daughter of the Spanish King Filipe V and his second wife D. Isabel Farnesio. In 1725 the arrangements between Portugal and Spain were initiated for the accomplishment of 2 royal weddings: Mariana Vitoria to Prince of Brazil, D. Jose
and the heir of the Spanish throne D. Fernando to the Portuguese princess D. Maria Barbara, being settled that these two princesses should be exchanged on the boarder of the Caia, which actually happened in state. Four daughters were born, and the eldest, D. Maria Francisca, became the future queen D. Maria I. She was regent between 1776 and 1 777 and died in the Palace of Ajuda on the 1 5th of January 1781. |
| D. Mariana Vitoria (1718-1781) |
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Eldest daughter of D. Jose I and D. Mariana Vitoria of Bourbon, she was born in Lisbon on the 17th of December 1734 and died in Rio de Janeiro on the 20th of March 1816. She was crowned in February 1777 but withdrawn from public affairs in 1799, as she suffered from mental disease, having Prince D. Joao taken the title of regent. The monarch received exquisite education and from early days she had shown a special interest for studying, dedicating a great part of her time to music and painting. Thanks to this monarch's protection, several cultural institutions were created such as: The Royal Academy of Science in Lisbon, The Royal Navy Academy and the Royal Academy of Fortifications, Artillery and Design. The Royal Public Library in Lisbon was also created by this Queen. Regarding Public Assistance, the charitable Casa Pia, in Lisbon, funded in 1792, was one of her most important achievements. |
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5th son of D. Joao V and D. Maria Ana of Austria, he was born in Lisbon on the 5th of July 1717 and died in the Court of Ajuda, in Lisbon on the 5th of May 1786. He married to his nice D. Maria on the 6th of July 1760, eldest daughter of D. Jose. He was Prince of Brazil and King when D. Maria ascended the throne in 1777. D. Joao V had named him Grand-Prior of Crato. He was knight of the Golden Fleece from Spain. He built a palace in his homestead in Queluz having the works started in 1747 and the ceremony of the foundation stone of the Basilica of Estrela was held on the 24th October 1779, accomplishing D. Maria I's vow. |
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Second son of Queen D. Maria I and D. Pedro III. The death of the crown prince D. Jose in 1788, put him in the direct succession line to the throne. He married to D. Carlota Joaquina, daughter of Carlos IV of Spain in 1785 and they had 9 children, amongst them D. Pedro, D. Isabel, D. Maria and D. Miguel. In 1792, he was put in charge of the public affairs, since the Queen became mentally insane. He was acclaimed king in 1816, in Rio de Janeiro, where the Court had been transferred in 1807 after the 1 first French invasion. His reign elapsed in a disruptive, changing and difficult political balance time: The French invasion, the escape to Brazil, the liberal plot in 1817 (Portugal and Brazil), the liberal victory in 1820, the return of the Court to Lisbon, the independence of Brazil (1822)... I He died on the 10th of March 1826. |
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Daughter of Charles IV of Spain, she was born in Aranjuez in 1775 and died in Queiuz in 1830. She married at the age of 10 with Infant D. Joao, son of D. Maria I, and was named crown princess after the death of prince D. Jose, eldest son of the Queen. She left to Rio de Janeiro in 1808 following the first French invasion. She returned to Lisbon in 1821 and refused herself to swear the Constitution, supporting the contra-revolution since then, headed by Infant D. Miguel. |
| D. Carlota Joaquina (1775-1830) |
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Son of D. Joao VI and D. Carlota Joaquina, he was born in Queluz Palace in 1798. In 1818 he married to the archduchess Leopoldina, daughter of Emperor Francisco of Austria. D. Maria da Gloria was born in 1819, the future Queen D. Maria II, as well as D. Pedro (1825) who, still a child, succeeded to his father in the Brazil Empire. Widower in 1829, he married to D. Amelia of Beauharnais. On the 7th of September 1822 he declared the independence of Brazil and was proclaimed Emperor of Brazil in the same year.
The death of D. Joao VI in 1826, raised the question of succession and increased the political debate between liberals and absolutists, headed by D. Pedro and D. Miguel, which led to the civil war (1832-34), won by the liberals. He abdicated to the Brazilian throne in 1 831 and returned to Portugal in order to put his daughter in the throne and implement the Constitutional Charter. He died the very same year of the liberal's' victory, in 1834. |
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Third son of D. Joao VI and D. Carlota Joaquina, he was born in the Palace of Queluz on the 26th of October 1802. At the age of 5 he left with the Royal Family to Brazil (1807), returning to Portugal in 1821. After his return, the Infant headed the Traditionalist Party which, mainly after the loss of Brazil, was willing to stop the liberal experience. He was the promoter, or at least the executor of the "Vila- -Francada" movements (1823) and of the "Abrilada" (1824) and always contradicted the implementation of liberalism. After the signature of Evora-Monte Convention (27. 05. 1834), which ended up the civil war (1832-34) won by D. Pedro and the liberals, D. Miguel ended his brief reign (1828-34) and left to exile. He married in Germany to princess Adelaide Loewenstein-Wertheim- Rochefort in 1851, and they had 7 children. He died in Brombach on the 14th of November 1866. |
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She was born in Rio de Janeiro on the 4th of April 1819 and died in Lisbon, in Necessidades Palace, on the 15th of November 1853. She was daughter of D. Pedro IV of Portugal (Pedro I of Brazil) and his first wife, the archduchess Leopoldina of Austria. She was promised in marriage at the age of 7 to her uncle D. Miguel who refused this agreement when he was acclaimed absolute king. After her father's death in 1834, she was proclaimed queen at the age of 15 and assumed the government of a country in constant political and social instability. She married to D. Fernando of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha with whom she had 11 children. She died during her last delivery aged of 34. |
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D. Fernando Augusto, prince of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, was born in Vienna (Austria) in a privileged cultural atmosphere. He came to Portugal in 1836 as the second husband of D. Maria II, where he had an important role in the Portuguese society, as consort prince, king and regent. The cultural aspects were definitively where his influence was more marked, through art patronage, artists and mainly in the defense of the Portuguese monumental patrimony. |
| D. Fernando II (1816-1885) |
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He was born in Lisbon, in the Necessidades Royal Palace on the 16th of September 1837, as the eldest son of D. Maria II and D. Fernando of Saxe- Coburg-Gotha. He succeeded to the throne after his mother's death in 1853, being acclaimed king in 1855, when he completed 18 years. He married to D. Estefania of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen in 1858, following a suggestion of the British Royal Family, but she died a natural death in the following year. Personality of faultless culture he died on the 11th of November 1861 aged of 24. |
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The princess Estefania Frederica Guilhermina Antonia of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen was the second daughter of prince Carlos Antonio of Mainrad of Hohenzollern Sigmaringen and his wife princess Josefina Frederica Luisa, daughter of the Grand--Duke of Baden and was born in the Castle of Sigmaringen on the 15th of July 1837. She married to D. Pedro V by proxy in Berlin on the 29th April 1858. The queen had a brief life in Portugal since she died 14 months after her arrival, on the 1 7th of July 1859, after a disease. |
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He was born on the 31st of October 1838 as the second son of D. Maria II and D. Fernando II. The premature death of his brother D. Pedro V in 1861, put him unexpectedly in the role of King, interrupting his career as Naval officer. He married to D. Maria Pia of Saboia, daughter of the Italian King, and they had 2 children: D. Carlos (future King) and D. Afonso. D. Luis stimulated the cultural activities, mainly painting, photography and translations. The first translations of William Shakespeare were done thanks to this monarch. |
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Daughter of the archduchess Maria Adelaide of Austria and Victor Emanuel of Piemonte, king of Sicily (1849) and Italy after the unification in 1869. She was born in Turim on the 16th of October 1847 and died in exile, in the castle of Stupinigi (Piemonte) on the 5th of July 1911. She married at the age of 15, in 1862, to King D. Luis I, and they had 2 sons: D. Carlos, the future king and D. Afonso. She was a woman of temper and a few heroic acts were attributed to her. |
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Son of D. Luis I and D. Maria Pia, princess of Italy, he reigned since 1889. He married to D. Amelia of Orleans, princess of France in 1886. He was a remarkable painter and scientist, having worked in oceanographic research on board of yacht Amelia. His reign was marked by a great governmental unstability. He travelled trough the main European capitals in 1895, namely in Spain, France, Germany and England. In return of D. Carlos' visits, Eduard VII of England and Alfonso XIII of Spain came to Portugal in 1903. Queen Alexandra of England and the Emperor William II of Germany, the French President Emile Loubet also visited our country in 1904. On the 1st of February 1908 he was assassinated together with his son D. Luis Filipe, at Terreiro do Pago, in Lisbon. |
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Maria Amelia Luisa Helena of Orleans and Braganga, daughter of the Count and Countess of Paris, was born in Twiekenham (England) and became queen of Portugal through her marriage to former prince D. Charles and future king. After the Royal assassinate, she helped her son D. Manuel II who ascended the throne aged of 19, and left to exile together with him on the 5th of October 1910. She spent the last years of her life in Versailles. |
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He was the last king of Portugal, having reigned between 1908 and 1910. He was the son of D. Carlos I and D. Amelia of Orleans. The royal assassinate, on the 1st of February 1908, which killed both his father and brother, crown prince D. Luis Filipe, provoked his ascension to the throne during a period of great political instability. The triumph of the republican revolution in 1910 led to his exile in England, where he died in 1932. He was a man of extraordinary culture, having organized one of the most important Portuguese ancient books collection. |
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